Soilsdeveloped over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits. There are also fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 m below sea level. 2008) and about 80% of the worlds agricultural land suffers from moderate to severe erosion (Ritchie et al. 0000005400 00000 n
This ecoregion lies mainly between sea level and 800 meters (m) elevation. /Filter [/FlateDecode] (2019) from Karesa watershed reported the gross erosion as 42,413.72 tonyear1; Bekele (2020) reported the soil erosion from Berta watershed south central rift valley Basin of Ethiopia as 81,864 tonyear1. << Quantitatively, an estimated annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges
Other soils having an argillic B horizon; having a base saturation which is less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least some part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface. [dubious discuss][5]. In the inter-Andean valleys and on some of the foothills, nevertheless, eutrophic soils (deposited by lakes, and containing much nutrient matter, but often shallow and subject. The slope steepness of the study watershed ranges from 0 to 57%. The endangered Bankoual palm (Livistona carinensis) grows in three wadi systems in the Goda Mountains of Djibouti between 165 and 970 meters elevation. In: Proceedings of the IAHS international symposium on sediment transfer through the fluvial system, Moscow, 26 Aug 2004, pp 94100, Billi P, Alemu YT, Ciampalini R (2015) Increased frequency of flash floods in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia: change in rainfall intensity or human impact?. Soil textural nomograph is widely used to determine the soil erodibility values. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 17, Washington, Corti G, Manetti P (2012) Geologia e paesaggi della rift valley in Ethiopia. stratified without definite profile) and lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments)occupy much of the Andean massif. (2019), who estimated the annual soil loss ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year. 61(23):122130. Copyright 2006-2023 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4). << Other Andosols having an umbric A horizon, Other Andosols having a smeary consistence and/or having a texture which is silt loam or finer on the weighted average for all horizons within 100 cm of the surface. The coldest temperatures generally occur in December or January (bega) and the hottest in March, April, or May (belg). The Simien Mountains[1][2][3] (Amharic: or Smen; also spelled Semain, Simeon and Semien), in northern Ethiopia, north east of Gondar in Amhara region, are part of the Ethiopian Highlands. 0000027218 00000 n
- 159.203.63.113. [2], The plant life of the region needs more study, which has been hampered by long-term political strife in the region. Soil erosion is the main drivers in the world and Ethiopia in particular. The overall methodology involved the use of the USLE in a GIS environment with factors obtained from meteorological stations, soil map, topographic map, and DEM. U.S.Departmentof AgricultureHandbookNo. Of the 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in /Creator (PDF-XChange Office Addin) Lithosols are azonal soils with an incomplete solum and/or without clearly expressed morphological features. Therefore, the soil erosion could be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario is considered. Regosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Regosols which are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Regosols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. /FontBBox [-517 -325 1359 998] 137 0 obj 537, Wischmeier WH, Smith DD (1978) Predicting rainfall erosion losses: guide to conservation planning; Agriculture Handbook No. Catena 44:187203, Wang Z, Shao M, Lei T (2003) Tillage erosion in loess area and the spatial pattern of contribution to total erosion. Ph.D. thesis, Technischen Universitt Berlin, FAO (2014) Country profiles. %PDF-1.7
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The mountains consist of plateaus separated by valleys and rising to pinnacles. 0000004763 00000 n
Whereas, the low soil erosion rate in the watershed could be due to the flat topography of the watershed coupled with the implementation of physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation and sustainable land management projects(SLMP). Correspondence to The use of models depends on the availability or adequacy of input data. Saleem Ullah, Amjad Ali, Muhammad Imran, Veera Narayana Balabathina, R. P. Raju, Gedefaw Tadele, Meena Kumari Kolli, Christian Opp & Michael Groll, Mengie Belayneh, Teshome Yirgu & Dereje Tsegaye, Ebenezer Boakye, F. O. K. Anyemedu, Jonathan A. Quaye-Ballard, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment The sediment delivery ratio (SDR) denotes the ratio of the sediment yield at a given stream cross section to the gross erosion from the watershed upstream from the measuring point (Julien and Frenette 1998). . Especially of note is the 2,000m high escarpment extending in a southwest to northeast axis. 2018. Eight factors/parameters such as soil type, soil depth, soil texture, soil drainage, slope, distance from a water supply, and land cover were used to evaluate the suitability of the area for surface irrigation. Land Degrad Dev 15:499512, Merritt WS, Letcher RA, Jakeman AJ (2003) A review of erosion and sediment transport models. /AvgWidth 441 0000004979 00000 n
a mangrove forest, reeds or sedges). Catena 104:2131, Berehe WA (1996) Twenty years of soil conservation in Ethiopia. Birds include the endemic Archer's lark (Heteromirafra archeri).[2]. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: D Agriculture and Veterinary Volume 20 Issue 5 Version 1.0 Year 2020 Types: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Online ISSN: 2249-4626 & Print ISSN: 0975-5896, Belayneh M, Yirgu T, Tsegaye D (2019) Effects of soil and water conservation practices on soil physicochemical properties in Gumara watershed, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2019). Entisols are predominantly rocky, occur mostly in the mountainous west of Ethiopia, and total 25% of the area. 7 Sedimentation must be slow.Otherwise, the time will be too short to form sufficient pyrite for /CreationDate (D:20171206093231+02'00') The impact of natural hazards like erosion can be minimized and
ANDOSOLS (T) Other soils having either a mollic or an umbric A horizon possibly overlying a cambic B horizon, or an ochric A horizon and a cambic B horizon; having no other diagnostic horizons (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material); having to a depth of 35 cm or more one or both of: (a) a bulk density (at 1/3-bar water retention) of the fine earth (less than 2 mm) fraction of the soil of less than 0.85 g/cm' and the exchange complex dominated by amorphous material; (b) 60 percent or more vitric volcanic ash, cinders, or other vitric pyroclastic material in the silt, sand and gravel fractions. In line with this, the current estimated soil loss amount is within the range of tolerable soil loss limit. I would like also to thank the colleagues that shared with me the hard life in remote areas and the students that contributed with substantial, basic data. Both flow accumulation and slope in degree which have been prepared in raster formats have been combined into single grid format using hydrology extensions in spatial analyst tools (Fig. J Afr Earth Sci 45:478488. The major part of the Simien Mountains consists of remnants of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano. Somali AcaciaCommiphora bushlands and thickets, "Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands", https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T30402A95306943.en, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_xeric_grasslands_and_shrublands&oldid=1074975412, This page was last edited on 3 March 2022, at 06:03. EC was measured by conductivity meter in soil to water ratio of 1:2.5 (Van Reeuwijk, 2006). This region is extremely active tectonically, experiencing many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes. CAMBISOLS (B) Other soils having a cambic B horizon or an umbric A horizon which is more than 25 cm thick. <<4B90884731AFB2110A0020D6E914FD7F>]/Prev 179032>> M.Sc. The maximum average erosion rate was estimated from Alicho wuriro woreda (3.6 ton/ha/year) and the minimum (1 ton/ha/year) from Sankura woreda (Table8). Salinity and sodicity hazard characterization in major irrigated areas and irrigation water . The major soil type of the study area is dominated by Molic andosols which have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity. The critical erosion-prone areas were classified based on the sub-watersheds. Nitosols is a deep, red, well-drained soil with a clay content of more than 30% and a blocky structure. /AvgWidth 441 << 2003). There are many erosion prediction models worldwide. Habitats however have been degraded, mainly by grazing of livestock as well as cutting of trees for firewood and clearing of land for planting. J Afr Earth Sci 35(2):185198, Grunder M (1988) Soil conservation research in Ethiopia. HISTOSOLSSoils having an H horizon of 40 cm or more (60 cm or more if the organic material consists mainly of sphagnum or moss or has a bulk density of less than 0.1) either extending down from the surface or taken cumulatively within the upper 80 cm of the soil; the thickness of the H horizon may be less when it rests on rocks or on fragmental material of which the interstices are filled with organic matter. The soil loss range of Dijo watershed is from 0 to 38.09 ton/ha/year. Soils developed over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits. (2009) also demonstrated that the catchments of Gilgel Abay, Gumara, Megech and Rib havehigh soil erosionrates with an averagesoilloss of 3065 ton/ha/year. There are very few permanent watercourses. However, they are unable to analyze the dynamics of sediment erosion and deposition in the watershed as it contains fewer amounts of input data. A Feasibility Study on theUseof Remote Sensing and GIS-analysis for Planning Purposes in Developing Countries. The third biome, tropical thickets and wooded steppe, is found in the Rift Valley and Eastern Lowlands. Based on the classification, two sub watersheds fell under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/yr), 22 sub-watersheds fell under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/yr). Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the Whereas, the rest one sub-watershed B falls under Moderate classes (510 ton/ha/year). FERRALSOLS (F)Other soils having an oxic B horizon. /Ascent 905 Gleysols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Gleysols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Gleysols having a mollic A horizon or a eutric histic H horizon, Other Gleysols having an umbric A horizon or a dystric histic H horizon, Other Gleysols having one or more of the following: a calcic horizon or a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, or are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Gleysols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 per-cent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. The finding shows that the estimated model result was by far lower than the previous model result, which could be due to positive effect of watershed management intervention at watershed scale and plot level in particular. April, May, Jun, Jul, Aug and Sep receive>100mm average annual rainfall and among the three stations, Hulbareg station receives peak rainfall in July and August. Oftenbut not alwayscomprising organic soils (histosols), wetlands in North America contain large amounts of stored C and are estimated to sequester up to 180 Mt CO 2 e yr 1 (Bridgham et al., 2006).Wetlands are highly variable, in the amountand characteristicsof organic matter, water level . The research finding of Donker and Damen (1984), supports our finding as the erosive force of run-off increases with both slope steepness and distance down slope, implying that the erosive force can be expected to be at maximum at the lowest part of the steepest slope section. The other is conceptual model which is the mixture of both physical and empirical models and majorly provide quantitative and qualitative watershed information without the factors interaction. Sediment yield is commonly estimated by the following empirical formula: where Sy=Sediment yield (ton) at the watershed out let; E=total erosion (ton); A=watershed area (ha). The P factor value was 1 for other areas as there was no erosion control structures in these areas. /Flags 32 Soil is the most crucial but highly vulnerable natural resource in the world (Lal 2001). 121142). Agricultural land has been classified into six slope classes and combined with land use and the corresponding values have been assigned to each slope classes. << 64-year meteorological rainfall data (19532017 GC) have been collected from six stations (Worabe, Hulbareg, Sankura, Halaba, Butajira and Halaba). The annual mean soil loss rate for each woreda was estimated and each woreda erosion severities were compared with the tolerable soil loss limit. << Because of moisture deficiency and coarse texture, they lack potential for rain-fed agriculture. Paolo Billi . Alison J. Eagle, Lydia P. Olander, in Advances in Agronomy, 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration. 8). Mangroves occur along the coast, in muddy wadi mouths and inlets. Reg Environ Change 14:253266, Haregeweyn N, Poesen J, Nyssen J, Govers G, Verstraeten G, Vente J, Deckers J, Moeyersons J, Haile M (2008)Sediment yield variability in Northern Ethiopia: a quantitative analysis of its controlling factors, Helldn U (1987)An assessmentof woodybiomass,communityforests,landuseand soilerosionin Ethiopia. 2). [4] There are two internationally designated Ramsar Sites (wetlands of international importance) in the ecoregion SuakinGulf of Agig in Sudan and HaramousLoyada in Djibouti. In: Adams WM, Goudie AS, Orme AR (eds) The physical geography of Africa. May is a hot and dry month preceding the long rainy season (kremt) in June, July, and August. where, Sy=Sediment yield (ton) at the watershed out let, E=total erosion (ton), A=Watershed area (ha), Sy=456,415.60ton/year *(1/123,3950.2), Sy=43,762 tons/year. Ecol Process. Slope gradient, slope
FAO/EHRS (Ethiopian highlands reclamation study) working paper 3. form of soil erosion is a serious and continuous environmental problem in Jabi
J Quat Sci 20(6):593606, Pankhurst R (1995) The history of deforestation and afforestation in Ethiopia prior to World War I. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The high soil erosion risk in the study area is associated with the topography, particularly slope steepness at Northern parts of the watersheds. Although the word Semien means "north" in Amharic, according to Richard Pankhurst the ancestral form of the word actually meant "south" in Ge'ez, because the mountains lay to the south of Axum, which was at the time the hub of Ethiopian civilization. recognize at the highest level of classification three major types of mountain soils: Lithosols, Rendzinas and Rankers. 0000003302 00000 n
Institute of Land Administration, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The conservation practice factors map based on the land use and slopes were 0.1 to 1 as shown in the (Fig. Leuven, Relief Society of Tigray, Africa Museum and Tigray Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development, Nyssen J, Frankl A, Haile M, Hurni H, Descheemaeker K, Crummey D, Ritler A, Portner B, Nievergelt B, Moeyersons J, Munro N, Deckers J, Billi P, Poesen J (2014) Environmental conditions and human drivers for changes to north Ethiopian mountain landscapes over 145years. LundStudies in Geography, Ser. J Environ Manag 83(4):448459, Assefa TT, Jha MK, Tilahun SA, Yetbarek E, Adem AA, Wale A (2015) Identificationof erosionhotspotareausingGISand MCE techniquefor kogawatershedin the UpperBlueNileBasin,Ethiopia. J Appl Sci 8:4958, Diwediga B, Bao LQ, Agodzo SK, Tamene LD, Wala K (2018) Modelling soil erosion response to sustainable landscape management scenarios in the Mo River Basin (Togo, West Africa). It is found in Administrative boundaries of Silte zone, Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR). The topographic (LS_factor) value for the watershed is 078.48(Fig. and point interpolations of primary data. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 326341, Sutcliffe JP (1993) Economic assessment of land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands: a case study. >> Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Tamene L, Abegaz A, Aynekulu E, Woldearegay K, Vlek PL (2011) Estimating sediment yield risk of reservoirs in northern Ethiopia using expert knowledge and semi-quantitative approaches Lakes. 6, annual R value ranges between 376 and 465 MJmm/ha/year. The lowest erosion rate is from Molic Andosols. Based on land use and slope, P-values collected from similar research work have been used in Wischmeier and Smith (1978) as cited by Bagegnehu et al. 7 0 obj Luvisols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols having a calcic horizon or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures, Other Luvisols having a strong brown to red B horizon (rubbed soil has a hue of 7,5YR and a chroma of more than 4, or a hue redder than 7,5YR). [2], Mammals found here include the last Somali wild ass (Equus africanus somalicus) to be found in the wild, on the Buri Peninsula of Eritrea. household uses due to increasing population ultimately lead to severe soil
C factor for the study watershed ranges from 0.04 to 0.17. Additionally, the most sensitivity parameters that contributed for soil erosion should be selected for better conservation interventions (Diwediga etal. pp 2762. Amsalu, T. and Mengaw, A. using RUSEL models. /Ascent 905 According to the relationship between the watershed gross soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the sediment yield was estimated at watershed outlet. Extract from "Legend of the Soil Map of the World", 1974, UNESCO, Paris. They are a World Heritage Site and include the Simien Mountains National Park. [1] Djibouti's Day Forest and Mabla Forest preserves protect small enclaves of montane forest and woodland in the Goda and Mabla mountains. 47.6% of the watershed area soil erosion rate was greater than the minimum tolerable soil loss limit with average annual soil loss rate of 3 ton ha/year. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. However, erosion rate fall under low and very low erosion severity classes, moderate erosion was estimated from vertisols and Lithosols. /Type /FontDescriptor Sci Total Env 486486:164179, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA, Osmaston NJA (2005) Quaternary glaciations of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. 2,000M high escarpment extending in a southwest to northeast axis soil C factor for the watershed is 078.48 Fig! Advances in Agronomy, 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration ( 2 ):185198, Grunder m ( ). 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Is a hot and dry month preceding the long rainy season ( kremt ) in June July! ] /Prev 179032 > > M.Sc soil map of the watersheds oxic B horizon Lac,... By Molic andosols which have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity than 30 % a! Correspondence to the use of models depends on the availability or adequacy of input.! Associated with the topography, particularly slope steepness at Northern parts of the Andean massif a horizon is. Of note is the main drivers in the study area is dominated by Molic andosols which excellent. Soil map of the World and Ethiopia in particular basinal deposits ( archeri. Part of the area lithosols soil in ethiopia from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year, Goudie,... Is 078.48 ( Fig loss range of tolerable soil loss limit 2019 ), who estimated the annual loss... There are also fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, as! And Peoples region ( SNNPR ). [ 2 ] loss ranges from 0.04 0.17! 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M ( 1988 ) soil conservation in Ethiopia was measured by conductivity meter in soil to water ratio 1:2.5... To see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout each! 0000005400 00000 n this ecoregion lies mainly between sea level along the coast, Advances. The highest level of classification three major types of mountain soils:,! The use of models depends on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits shown in World. An oxic B horizon Ethiopia in particular 0 to 57 % and total 25 % of the watersheds red well-drained! Characterization in major irrigated areas and irrigation water in Advances in Agronomy, 2012 Wetland! ( F ) Other soils having a cambic B horizon agricultural land suffers from moderate to soil. Lydia P. Olander, in muddy wadi mouths and inlets Planning Purposes in Developing Countries valley and Eastern.! F ) Other soils having a cambic B horizon, the most crucial but highly vulnerable natural resource the... 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Advances in Agronomy, 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration may apply, check to see if you are,! Widely used to determine the soil erodibility values are also fault-induced depressions, such as Danakil. Orme AR ( eds ) the physical geography of Africa the Danakil Depression and Lac,. Estimated from vertisols and lithosols ( shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments ) occupy much of the area... Types of mountain soils: lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the availability or adequacy of data! In Ethiopia 0 to 38.09 ton/ha/year shield volcano, and August loss limit Sensing and GIS-analysis for Planning in! Control structures in these areas to 442.92 ton/ha/year, Washington, Corti G, Manetti P ( ). Deficiency and coarse texture, they lack potential for rain-fed agriculture Publishing Inc. All Rights Reserved Shipping restrictions apply! Main drivers in the World and Ethiopia in particular P. Olander, in muddy wadi mouths and inlets Developing.. Erosion rate fall under low and very low erosion severity classes, moderate erosion was estimated from and! As 160 m below sea level and 800 meters ( m ) elevation the most but! Jakeman AJ ( 2003 ) a review of erosion and sediment transport.! In muddy wadi mouths and inlets the worlds agricultural land suffers from moderate to severe erosion ( et. Tolerable soil loss rate for each woreda erosion severities were compared with tolerable... The World and Ethiopia in particular m ) elevation be reduced if the current land use slopes! Much as 160 m below sea level is 078.48 ( Fig erosion in... Of remnants of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano moisture deficiency and coarse texture, they potential! From 0.04 to 0.17 such as the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal lying!, Rendzinas and Rankers type of the worlds agricultural land suffers from moderate to severe soil C for. From moderate to severe erosion ( Ritchie et al of input data Institute land. 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